διὰ συνήθειαν

συνήθεια, ἡ,

A habitual intercourse, acquaintance, intimacy, αἱ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ς. Isoc.1.1;

διατριβαὶ καὶ -θειαι μετά τινων Aeschin.2.23

; ἡ τῶν φίλων ς. ib.152;

σ. καὶ φιλία Arist.GA 753a12

; ἡ πολιτικὴ ς. Id.EN 1181a11;

τὰς τῶν φαύλων σ. ὀλίγος χρόνος διέλυσε Isoc.1.1

;

ὅπως ἂν αἱ σ. διαζευχθῶσιν Arist.Pol. 1319b26

; καὶ αὐτῷ δέ μοί εἰσι ς. PCair.Zen.42.2 (iii B.C.);

ὢν ἡμῖν ἐν συνηθείᾳ PMich.Zen.82.3

(iii B.C.).

b sexual intercourse, X.Cyr.6.1.31 (v.l.);

σ. ἔχειν μετὰ γυναικός Plu.2.310e

;

πρὸς γυναῖκα Vett.Val.288.23

.

2 of animals, herding together, Arist.HA 575b19; νέμεσθαι κατὰ συνηθείας in herds, ib. 611a7, cf. Ael.NA2.31; so of soldiers, κατὰ συνηθείας in messes, Plb.35.4.14.

II habit, custom, h.Merc.485 (pl.), Hp.VM3, Pl.R. 516a, etc.; pl., φαῦλαι ς. bad habits, Epicur.Sent.Vat.46;

κατὰ συνήθειαν τοῦ προτέρου βίου Pl.R. 620a

; ἐν τοῖς ἤθεσι τοῖς τῆς ἑαυτοῦ συνηθείας in his own accustomed haunts, Id.Lg. 865e; ἡ σ. τοῦ ἔργου habituation to it, X.Cyn.12.4;

λήθην ἢ συνήθειαν τῶν ἀδικημάτων D. 19.3

, cf. 60.27;

πολλῆς.. σ. ἡ ῥητορική Epicur.Fr.46

; τῇ σ. τοῦ εἰδώλου by being used to it, 1 Ep.Cor.8.7; practice, Plb.1.42.7, cf.Pl. Lg. 656d: with Preps.,

διὰ συνήθειαν Id.Sph. 248b

; διὰ τὴν ς. Arist. HA 494b21;

ἐκ συνηθείας OGI629.12

,79 (Palmyra, ii A.D.); κατὰ ς. Pl.R.l.c.;

παρὰ συνήθειαν Id.Lg. 655e

;

ἠναγκάσμεθα ὑπὸ συνηθείας Id.Tht. 157b

; σ. ἔχειν τῇ πολιτείᾳ to be used to it, practised in it, Plb.39.5.2;

σ. κτᾶσθαι πρὸς τὰ κοινά Plu.2.791a

.

2 the customary usage of language,

ἐκ σ. ῥημάτων καὶ ὀνομάτων Pl.Tht. 168b

, cf. Chrysipp.Stoic.3.33; εἰς συνήθειαν ἐποίησε τοῦ λόγου τούτου τὴν πόλιν καταστῆναι brought the city to habitual use of this phrase, Aeschin. 1.165; ἡ σ. τῶν Ἑλλήνων, αἱ κατὰ τὰς διαλέκτους ς., Phld.Rh.1.59 S., Gal.18(2).237, Phld.Po.5.2; ἐν τῇ τεχνικῇ καὶ μὴ εἰκαίᾳ ς. Diocl. Magn.Stoic.3.214: abs., ordinary language, ἐν τῇ ς. Plu.2.22f, cf.ib.c, 1113a; κατὰ τὴν ς. A.D.Synt.323.22, cf. Demetr.Eloc.69, al., D.H. Amm.2.11, Herod.Med. in Rh.Mus.49.549.

III customary gratuity, Sammelb.7336.13 (iii A.D.), 7369.25 (vi A.D.), PLond.1.113 (3).11, 3.1036.8 (both vi A.D.): pl., perquisites, Cod.Just.3.2.4, Just. Nov.134.1, al.

συνήθεια, ας, ἡ (ἦθος)

① a relationship in which the participants are compatible because of shared interests, friendship, fellowship, intimacy (Isocr., Aeschin. et al.; ins, pap) πρός τινα with someone (Polyb. 1, 43, 4; 31, 14, 3; Plut., Crass. 544 [3, 6]; PAmh 145, 10; Jos., Ant. 15, 97) IEph 5:1 (συνήθειαν ἔχ. πρός τινα also Vett. Val. 228, 23). There is a close semantic relationship between ‘being accustomed to one another’ in the sharing of values in a personal relationship and

② a usage or practice that has become established or standard, custom (Hom. Hymns; Pla.; ins, pap, 4 Macc; Philo, Spec. Leg. 3, 35 al.; Joseph.; Mel., HE 4, 26, 9; so as loanw. in rabb.).

ⓐ subjectively being or becoming accustomed τῇ συνηθείᾳ ἕως ἄρτι τοῦ εἰδώλου (obj. gen. as SIG 888, 154 διὰ τὴν συνήθειαν τῆς τοιαύτης ἐνοχλήσεως.—τῇ ς. is dat. of cause; s. on ἀπιστία 1) through being accustomed to idols in former times 1 Cor 8:7.

ⓑ objectively custom, habit, usage (Jos., Ant. 10, 72) Dg 2:1. τὴν συνη̣θ̣ι̣α̣[ν τῆς]| νη̣[ … νη]σ̣τίας AcPl Ha 7, 10f (some dittography [?], rdg. uncertain). συνήθειαν ἔχειν (PFlor 210, 15) 1 Cor 11:16; w. inf. foll. Hm 5, 2, 6. ἔστιν συνήθειά τινι w. ἵνα foll. J 18:39.—Renehan ’75 p. 185. DELG s.v. ἦθος. M-M. Sv.

βρᾰχύς, εῖα ([dialect] Ion. έα Hdt.5.49), ύ, dat. pl.

A

βραχέοις JHS33.317

(Thess.): [comp] Comp. βραχύτερος, βραχίων (cf. βράσσων): [comp] Sup. βραχύτατος, βράχιστος:— short,

1 of Space and Time, β. οἶμος, ὁδός, Pi.P.4.248, Pl.Lg. 718e, etc.; [ αἰών] prob. in B.3.74;

βίος Hdt. 7.46

;

καιρός Call.Epigr.9

;

χρόνος A.Pr. 939

, Pers. 713, etc.; μῦθος, λόγος, Id.Pr. 505, v.l. in Pers. 713; ἐν βραχεῖ ([dialect] Ion. βραχέϊ ) in a short time, Hdt.5.24, Pl.Smp. 217a codd.;

διὰ βραχέος Th.2.83

;

μακρὰν συνήθειαν βραχεῖ λῦσαι χρόνῳ Men.726

; βραχὺ τῃδὶ μεταστῶμεν for a moment, Id.Georg.32; of distance, β. ἀπόδοσις short return in ballplay, Antiph.234.6;

ἐπὶ βραχὺ ἐξικνεῖσθαι X.An.3.3.17

; πρὸ βραχέος lamb.VP25.112: [comp] Comp.,

ἡ φάλαγξ -υτέρα ἐγένετο ἀναδιπλουμένη X. Cyr.7.5.5

;

τάξιν -υτέραν ἢ πρόσθεν, βαθυτέραν δὲ ποιήσαντες Plb.1.33.10

;

βραχύτερα τοξεύειν X.An.3.3.7

. Adv. βραχέως, [πολέμους] ἐπ' ἀλλήλους ἐπιφέρειν scantily, seldom, Th.1.141.

2 of Size, short, small,

μορφάν β. Pi.I.4(3).53

; βραχὺς ἐξικέσθαι θεῶν ἕδραν too puny to reach.., ib.7(6).44;

β. τεῦχος S.El. 1113

, cf. 757; β. τεῖχος a low wall, Th.7.29; βραχύ μοι στόμα πάντ' ἀναγήσασθαι my mouth is too small to.., Pi.N.10.19; κατὰ β. προϊών little by little, Th.1.64, cf. Pl. Sph. 241c; παρὰ βραχύ scarcely, hardly,

φυγεῖν Alciphr.3.5

;

βραχύ τι λωφᾶν ἀπὸ νόσου καὶ πολέμου Th.6.12

; ἁλὸς βραχύ a small quantity of salt, Bilabel Ὀψαρτ.p.11.

3 of Number, few, ἐν βραχεῖ in few words, Pi.P.1.82, S.El. 673;

ἐν βραχίστοις Pi.I.6(5).59

;

ἐν βραχυτέροις Pl.Grg. 449c

; so διὰ βραχέων in few words, Id.Prt. 336a;

ὡς ἂν δύνωμαι διὰ βραχυτάτων D.27.3

, Lys.16.9, cf. Pl.Grg. 449c;

ὡς ἐν βραχυτάτοις Antipho 1.18

. Adv. βραχέως, ἀπολογεῖσθαι briefly, in few words, X.HG1.7.5.

4 of Value or Importance, of persons, humble, insignificant, S.OC 880;

τὸν μὲν ἀφ' ὑψηλῶν βραχὺν ᾤκισε E. Heracl. 613

;

β. τὴν διάνοιαν J.AJ12.4.1

; of things, petty, trifling,

ἀρχὴ β. ἐλπίδος S.OT 121

;

χάρις Id.Tr. 1217

;

πρόφασις E.IA 1180

; β. τις ἀσάφεια a slight obscurity, Gal.18(1).304; λυπεῖν τινὰ βραχύ, opp. μέγ' εὑρεῖν κέρδος, S.El. 1304;

οὐ περὶ βραχέων βουλεύεσθαι Th. 1.78

, cf. 140;

β. καὶ οὐδενὸς ἄξιον Id.8.76

;

β. κέρδους ἕνεκα Lys.7.17

;

οὐσία Is.10.25

: neut. as Adv., βραχὺ φροντίζειν τινός think lightly of, D.17.4.

5 short, of vowels or syllables, Arist.Cat. 4b34, Rh. 1409a18, Po. 1458a15, Heph.1.1, D.T.631, etc.; ἡ β. προσῳδία the sign ?βραχύςX, S.E.M.1.113. (Cf. Avest. m[schwa]r[schwa]zu- 'short', Goth. gamaurgjan 'shorten', Lat. brevis.)

ξεν-ίζω, [dialect] Ion. and [dialect] Ep. [full] ξεινίζω, [tense] fut. -ιῶ, later

A

- ίσω Gp.12.13.12

: [dialect] Ep.[tense] aor.ἐξείνισσα, ξείνισσα, -ισα (v. infr.): ([etym.] ξένος):— receive or entertain as a guest,

ξείνους Od.3.355

;

τὸν μὲν ἐγὼ.. ἐῢ ἐξείνισσα 19.194

;

ἐννῆμαρ ξείνισσε Il.6.174

; ξείνισ' ἐνὶ μεγάροισιν ib. 217 ;

ξ. τινὰ ἐν δόμοις E.Alc. 1013

, etc.;

ξ. [τινὰ] σίτοισι S.Fr. 666

; ξ. τινὰ πολλοῖς ἀγαθοῖς to present with hospitable gifts, X.Cyr.5.3.2 ; ὑμᾶς ἐν πόλει ξενίσωμεν ὧν.. εἴχομεν with or on what we had, Ar.Lys. 1184 : metaph., ὃν.. Ἄρης οὐκ ἐξένισεν, i.e. who fell not in battle, S.El.96 (anap.): —[voice] Pass., to be entertained as a guest, Ar.Ach.73 ;

ξενισθεὶς μὴ ἀντιξενίσαι Phld.Vit.p.30

J.;

ὑπό τινος Hdt.1.30

, X.HG3.1.24, etc.;

παρά τινι D.S.14.30

, Act.Ap.10.6, 21.16 ;

πρός τινα Philem.109

: metaph.,

λαχάνοισιν, ὥσπερ χῆνες, ἐξενισμένοι Theopomp.Com.13

.

II surprise, astonish by some strange sight,

ξενίζουσαν καὶ καταπληκτικὴν πρόσοψιν Plb.3.114.4

; ξ. τὴν ἀκοήν, of strange words, Hld.6.14 ;

ξ. καὶ ταράττειν Gp.2.48.2

; ξ. [τὴν τῶν πολλῶν συνήθειαν] do violence to the ordinary use of language, Simp.in Cael.679.28 :—[voice] Pass., to be astonished, S.Ichn.137 ; τινι Plb.1.23.5, 3.68.9, 1 Ep.Pet.4.12 ;

διὰ τὸ παράδοξον Plb.1.49.7

;

ἐπί τινι Id.2.27.4

, D.S.31.2 ;

κατά τι Plb.1.33.1

;

μὴ συντρεχόντων ὑμῶν 1 Ep.Pet.4.4

;

εἰ.. M.Ant.8.15

, cf. Vett.Val.302.17 ;

πῶς.. PStrassb. 35.6

(v A. D.) ; to be puzzled, unable to comprehend, Ael.Tact.1.6 ; of fresh leeches, to be unaccustomed to the skin, Antyll. ap. Orib.7.21.1.

2 make strange, of plants and animals, i.e. stunt their growth and distort them, Gp.9.5.3 ([voice] Pass.); τῷ πλήθει ξενιζομένη ἡ φύσις being altered in character, Alex.Aphr.Pr.1.80, cf.Hippiatr.15.

III intr., to be a stranger, speak with a foreign accent, D.57.18 ;

τὸ ξενίζον τῆς λέξεως D.S.12.53

, cf. Luc.Hist.Conscr.45.

2 to be strange or unusual, of diseases, Gal.17(1).162 ;

ξ. τῷ σχήματι Luc.Anach.16

;

τῷ τρίβωνι Id.Merc.Cond.24

;

θάνατος.. τῇ τόλμῃ ξενίζων Id.Hist. Conscr.25

.

νηστεία, ας, ἡ (νηστεύω; since Hdt. 4, 186; pap, LXX; Ps-Sol 3:8; Test12Patr, Philo, Joseph., Just.) ‘fasting’.

① the experience of being without sufficient food, going hungry gener., of hunger brought about by necessity: pl. (B-D-F §142; W-S. §27, 4d; s. Rob. 408) of oft-recurring situations (cp. Da 9:3; 2 Macc 13:12) ἐν νηστείαις through hunger 2 Cor 6:5. ἐν νηστείαις πολλάκις often without food 11:27.

② the act of going without food for a devotional or cultic purpose, fast

ⓐ of public fasts: of the Day of Atonement (יוֹם כִּפּוּר; Strabo 16, 2, 40 τὴν νηστείας ἡμέραν [for the Jews]; Philo, Spec. Leg. 2, 193ff; Jos., Ant. 14, 66; 18, 94; Just., D. 40, 4) Ac 27:9; 7:4.—For D 8:1 s. on νηστεύω, end.

ⓑ of private fasting Hs 5, 1, 3, end; 5, 2, 1; 5, 3, 5. κατὰ τὴν συνή̣θ̣ι̣α̣[ν τῆς]| νη̣[ … νη]σ̣τίας (prob. ditt. and = κατὰ τὴν συνήθειαν τῆς νηστείας) according to their habit of fasting AcPl Ha 7, 10f (context uncertain). διὰ [τ]ὰ̣ς [νης]τ̣ί̣α̣ς κ̣α̣[ὶ τὰς]| δι[α]νυκτερεύσις … βα̣ρηθεί̣ς wearied by the fasts and vigils (with his friends) AcPl Ha 7, 25f. Of Moses on the mountain (w. ταπείνωσις; cp. Jdth 4:9 v.l.; Ps 34:13; PsSol 3:8) 1 Cl 53:2; likew. of Esther 55:6. (W. προσευχή; cp. Tob 12:8; Da 9:3) Mt 17:21; Mk 9:29 v.l. (νηστεία strengthening prayer as 2 Macc 13:12; Test Jos 10:1f); 1 Cor 7:5 v.l. (W. δεήσεις; cp. Da 9:3 Theod.) Lk 2:37. προσεύχεσθαι μετὰ νηστειῶν pray and fast Ac 14:23. νηστείαν νηστεύειν (צוּם צוֹם 2 Km 12:16; 3 Km 20:9) keep, observe a fast Hs 5, 1, 2f; νηστεύειν τήν ν. keep the fast (day) 7:3 (ἡ νηστεία=fast day, as Jos., Ant. 18, 94). νηστεύειν τῷ θεῷ νηστείαν keep a fast to God Hs 5, 1, 4b (Just., D. 15, 1). μεγάλην ν. ποιεῖν 5, 1, 5. φυλάσσειν τὴν νηστείαν 5, 3, 5; τελεῖν τὴν ν. 5, 3, 8. ἡ ν. τελεία 5, 3, 6, acc. to Hermas, includes abstaining fr. all evil as well as fr. food. τιμίαν ταύτην ν. AcPl Ha 6, 25 (cp. Just., D. 15, 1 ἀληθινήν … ν.).—προσκαρτερεῖν νηστείαις persevere in fasting Pol 7:2. ἀποθέσθαι τὴν νηστείαν end the fast AcPl Ha 6, 37. Fasting better than prayer 2 Cl 16:4 (cp. Tob 12:8f). Rejected by God 3:1ff (Is 58:5f). τῆς νηστείας εἰρωνεία affected observance of fast days Dg 4:1.—RArbesmann, D. Fasten b. d. Griech. u. Römern 1929; MFreiberger, D. Fasten im alten Israel 1929; JMontgomery, Ascetic Strains in Early Judaism: JBL 51, ’32, 183–213; IAbrahams, Studies in Pharisaism and the Gospels I 1917, 121–28; GMoore, Judaism II 1927, 55ff; 257ff; Billerb. IV 1928, 77–114: V. altjüd. Fasten; MShepherd, ATR 40, ’58, 81–94; RAC VII 447–93.—DELG s.v. 1 νῆστις. TW. Sv.